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JLPT N5 · Time & sequence

とき (toki)

~とき — “when ~”

In short · とき means ‘when ~ / at the time of ~’. The clause before it is a noun-modifying form: plain form of verbs and い-adjectives, な-adjective + な, noun + の. It sets the time of the main clause.
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Pattern

  • 動詞・い形容詞の普通形+とき plain form + とき (家を出るとき)
  • な形容詞+な/名詞+の+とき na-adjective + な / noun + の + とき (暇なとき, 子どものとき)

Connection

Verbs and い-adjectives use the plain form: 家を出るとき, 忙しいとき. な-adjectives use な: 暇なとき. Nouns use の: 子どものとき.

Tense before とき

The dictionary form (出るとき) means ‘when I am about to / before leaving’, and the past form (出たとき) means ‘when I had left / after leaving’. So 家を出るとき、かぎを閉めます means locking the door as you go out.

Time word

とき is a noun, so it can take particles: ~ときに, ~ときは, ~ときも. The に is often optional: 暇なとき、本を読みます.

Examples

  • 子(こ)どもの時(とき)、よく泳(およ)ぎました。

    Kodomo no toki, yoku oyogimashita.

    When I was a child, I often swam.

    Noun + の + とき.

  • 暇(ひま)な時(とき)、本(ほん)を読(よ)みます。

    Hima na toki, hon o yomimasu.

    When I have free time, I read books.

    な-adjective + な + とき.

  • 家(いえ)を出(で)る時(とき)、かぎを閉(し)めます。

    Ie o deru toki, kagi o shimemasu.

    When I leave home, I lock the door.

    Dictionary form: locking happens as you leave.

Common mistakes

  • Use の after a noun and な after a な-adjective: 子どものとき, 暇なとき. Don't say 子どもとき or 暇とき.
  • 出るとき and 出たとき differ: before leaving vs. after leaving.

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