的(てき) (teki)
~的 — “-like / -al” (makes an adjective)
Pattern
-
名詞(漢語) + 的 + な + 名詞noun + 的な + noun (具体的な説明) -
名詞 + 的 + に + 動詞/形容詞noun + 的に + verb (積極的に手を挙げる) -
名詞 + 的 + だ/ですnoun + 的だ as the predicate (現実的だ)
Meaning and forms
的 turns a noun into a な-adjective, so it works like other な-adjectives: 現実的だ, 具体的な説明, 積極的に. It is mostly added to Sino-Japanese (kango) nouns.
Common words
Frequent words include 基本的, 一般的, 具体的, 積極的, 消極的, 個人的, 国際的, 科学的, 論理的. The meaning is “having the quality of ~.”
Notes
Not every noun can take 的. Learn each word as a unit. Do not add it to native Japanese words (e.g., 山的 is not used).
Examples
-
彼(かれ)の意見(いけん)はとても現実的(げんじつてき)だ。
Kare no iken wa totemo genjitsuteki da.
His opinion is very realistic.
-
この計画(けいかく)には、具体的(ぐたいてき)な説明(せつめい)が足(た)りない。
Kono keikaku ni wa, gutaiteki na setsumei ga tarinai.
This plan lacks a concrete explanation.
-
兄(あに)はいつも積極的(せっきょくてき)に手(て)を挙(あ)げる。
Ani wa itsumo sekkyokuteki ni te o ageru.
My older brother always raises his hand proactively.
Common mistakes
- It behaves like a な-adjective: 具体的な説明, 積極的に. Do not say 具体的の説明.
- Not all nouns take 的. Learn common combinations as set words.
More grammar points
- 上(あ)げる ~上げる — to finish ~ completely
- 合(あ)う ~合う — do ~ to each other; to fit, to suit
- だらけ ~だらけ — covered in ~, full of ~ (something bad)
- がち ~がち — tends to ~ (usually undesirable)
- がたい ~がたい — hard to ~
- 気味(ぎみ) ~気味 — a touch of ~
- かける ~かける — half-done, in the middle of ~
- 切(き)れない ~切れない — cannot finish, cannot fully ~
- 切(き)る ~切る — do ~ completely, to the end
- 込(こ)む ~込む — into, crowded, deeply ~
- 向(む)け ~向け — intended for ~, aimed at ~
- 向(む)き ~向き — suited to ~, facing ~
- 直(なお)す ~直す — do ~ over again
- っぱなし ~っぱなし — leaving ~ as it is
- っぽい ~っぽい — ~-ish / tends to be ~
- たて ~たて — “freshly ~ed / just done”
- 通(とお)す ~通す — “do ~ all the way through”
- あまり あまりの~に — so ~ that ~
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