かける (kakeru)
~かける — half-done, in the middle of ~
Pattern
-
Vます形(ます抜き)+かけるVerb stem + かける -
Vます形(ます抜き)+かけの+NVerb stem + かけの + noun
Meaning and form
読みかける means having started to read but not finished. The noun-modifying form is very common: 読みかけの本, 飲みかけのコーヒー, 食べかけのパン. It also covers stopping partway, as in 言いかけて、やめた.
Compared with similar forms
~始める is about the beginning of an action, while ~かける stresses the unfinished middle. ~終わる means finished; ~かけ means unfinished.
Examples
-
飲(の)みかけのコーヒーが置(お)いてある。
Nomikake no kōhī ga oite aru.
There's a half-finished coffee left here.
-
言(い)いかけてやめられると、かえって気(き)になる。
Iikakete yamerareru to, kaette ki ni naru.
When someone starts to say something and then stops, it bothers me even more.
-
読(よ)みかけの本(ほん)が机(つくえ)に置(お)いたままだ。
Yomikake no hon ga tsukue ni oita mama da.
A half-read book is left on the desk.
Common mistakes
- かける marks a halfway state, not a deliberate start. 勉強をかける is not a phrase.
- Before a noun use ~かけの: 飲みかけのコーヒー, not 飲みかけコーヒー.
More grammar points
- 上(あ)げる ~上げる — to finish ~ completely
- 合(あ)う ~合う — do ~ to each other; to fit, to suit
- だらけ ~だらけ — covered in ~, full of ~ (something bad)
- がち ~がち — tends to ~ (usually undesirable)
- がたい ~がたい — hard to ~
- 気味(ぎみ) ~気味 — a touch of ~
- 切(き)れない ~切れない — cannot finish, cannot fully ~
- 切(き)る ~切る — do ~ completely, to the end
- 込(こ)む ~込む — into, crowded, deeply ~
- 向(む)け ~向け — intended for ~, aimed at ~
- 向(む)き ~向き — suited to ~, facing ~
- 直(なお)す ~直す — do ~ over again
- っぱなし ~っぱなし — leaving ~ as it is
- っぽい ~っぽい — ~-ish / tends to be ~
- たて ~たて — “freshly ~ed / just done”
- 的(てき) ~的 — “-like / -al” (makes an adjective)
- 通(とお)す ~通す — “do ~ all the way through”
- あまり あまりの~に — so ~ that ~
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