までに (made ni)
までに — “by (a deadline)”
Pattern
-
時間・期日 + までに五時までに / 金曜日までに -
動詞辞書形・ない形 + までに暗くなるまでに (before it gets dark)
Where it comes from
It is まで (end point) plus the time marker に, meaning “at some point up to then.” It is followed by actions completed once, such as 来る, 返す, 出す and 終わる.
When to use it
Use it for deadlines and appointments: 五時までに駅に来てください, 金曜日までにこの本を返してください. After a verb it means “before that happens” (暗くなるまでに帰ろう).
Difference from まで
まで is for an action or state that continues up to that time (五時まで待つ). までに is for the deadline of a single action (五時までに来る). Use まで for continuing actions and までに for one-time actions.
Examples
-
五時(ごじ)までに駅(えき)に来(き)てください。
Goji made ni eki ni kite kudasai.
Please come to the station by five.
-
金曜日(きんようび)までにこの本(ほん)を返(かえ)してください。
Kin'yōbi made ni kono hon o kaeshite kudasai.
Please return this book by Friday.
-
暗(くら)くなるまでに家(いえ)へ帰(かえ)ろう。
Kuraku naru made ni ie e kaerō.
Let's get home before it gets dark.
Common mistakes
- Do not use it with a continuing action. 五時までに待つ is wrong; say 五時まで待つ.
- For a one-time action, まで does not give a deadline: 五時までに来てください, not 五時まで来てください.
More grammar points
- 間(あいだ) 間 — “during ~ / while ~ / between ~”
- 間(あいだ)に ~間に — “while ~ (something happens during that time)”
- 後(あと)で ~あとで — “after ~ / later”
- 頃(ころ / ごろ) 頃(ころ/ごろ)— “around (a time) / when ~”
- 急(きゅう)に 急に — “suddenly”
- おきに ~おきに — “every ~ / at intervals of ~”
- さっき さっき — a little while ago
- たばかり ~たばかり — “just ~ed”
- たところ ~たところ — “have just ~ed”
- ているところ ~ているところ — “in the middle of ~ing”
- ところ ~ところだ — about to ~, just on the verge of ~
- やっと やっと — finally, at last
- あまり~ない あまり~ない — “not very ~ / not much”
- ば ~ば — the conditional “if ~”
- 場合(ばあい)は ~場合は — “in the case of ~ / if ~”
- ばかり ばかり — “nothing but ~ / only ~”
- だけで ~だけで — “just by ~ / with only ~”
- 出(だ)す ~出す — “start ~ing suddenly”
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