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JLPT N4 · Sentence patterns

など (nado)

など — “and so on / things like ~”

In short · など follows one or more examples and shows that there are other similar things too. It is often used as 「A や B など」, and it can also soften what you say by treating the item as just one example.
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Pattern

  • 名詞A + や + 名詞B + など りんごやみかんなどの果物 (fruit such as apples and oranges)
  • 名詞 + など + を/が/に… 掃除や洗濯などをします (do cleaning, laundry, and so on)

Where it comes from

など is a particle for giving examples. Link several items with や and put など at the end. You can follow it with の to modify a noun (などの果物) or with particles such as を and が.

When to use it

Use it to give examples while signaling that there are more: 休みの日は掃除や洗濯などをします, かばんの中に本やノートなどが入っている. In casual speech, とか is also used.

Things to watch

など signals that the list is not complete. To list everything, use と. With a single item, as in お茶など、いかがですか, it becomes a modest, polite offer.

Examples

  • りんごやみかんなどの果物(くだもの)が好(す)きです。

    Ringo ya mikan nado no kudamono ga suki desu.

    I like fruit such as apples and oranges.

  • 休(やす)みの日(ひ)は掃除(そうじ)や洗濯(せんたく)などをします。

    Yasumi no hi wa sōji ya sentaku nado o shimasu.

    On days off, I do cleaning, laundry, and so on.

  • かばんの中(なか)に本(ほん)やノートなどが入(はい)っている。

    Kaban no naka ni hon ya nōto nado ga haitte iru.

    There are books, notebooks, and so on in my bag.

Common mistakes

  • To list everything, use と. ~や~など implies there are more.
  • Do not drop the particle after など: 掃除や洗濯などします is unnatural; say などをします.

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