ずに (zuni)
~ずに — “without ~ing”
Pattern
-
動詞ない形の「ない」→「ず」+に食べない → 食べずに, 持たない → 持たずに -
する → せずに相談する → 相談せずに (not しずに)
Making the form
Replace ない with ず: 食べない → 食べずに, 持たない → 持たずに. The only exception is する → せずに (not しずに). Also in expressions like 知らずに.
Meaning
A ずに B means B is done in a situation where A is not done. 傘を持たずに出かけて: went out without taking an umbrella. It shows the manner or condition of B.
Compared with ~ないで
The meaning is almost the same. ~ずに sounds more careful and is common in writing, while ~ないで is more casual. Note: unlike ~ないで, it does not make the polite request ~ないでください.
Examples
-
朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べずに来(き)ました。
Asagohan o tabezu ni kimashita.
I came without eating breakfast.
-
傘(かさ)を持(も)たずに出(で)かけて、ずぶ濡(ぬ)れになった。
Kasa o motazu ni dekakete, zubunure ni natta.
I went out without an umbrella and got soaked.
-
だれにも相談(そうだん)せずに、一人(ひとり)で決(き)めてしまった。
Dare ni mo soudan sezu ni, hitori de kimete shimatta.
I decided on my own without consulting anyone.
する becomes せず, not しず.
Common mistakes
- する is the exception: 相談せずに, not 相談しずに.
- For a request (“please don’t ~”), use ~ないでください, not ~ずにください.
More grammar points
- 上(あ)げる ~上げる — to finish ~ completely
- あまり あまりの~に — so ~ that ~
- あまりにも あまりにも — far too ~, excessively
- 合(あ)う ~合う — do ~ to each other; to fit, to suit
- ばいい ~ばいい — you just have to ~, it is fine to just ~
- ばよかった ~ばよかった — I should have ~, if only I had ~
- ば~ほど ~ば~ほど — the more ~, the more ~
- ば~のに ~ば~のに — if only ~, then ~ (regret)
- ばかりで ~ばかりで — only ~ (and nothing else, with a negative feeling)
- ばかりでなく ~ばかりでなく — not only ~ but also ~
- べきだ ~べきだ — should ~, ought to ~
- べきではない ~べきではない — should not ~
- 別(べつ)に~ない 別に~ない — not particularly ~
- ぶりに ~ぶりに — for the first time in ~ (a period)
- 中(ちゅう) ~中 (ちゅう/じゅう) — during ~, within ~
- だけ だけ — only, just; as much as ~
- だけでなく ~だけでなく — not only ~ but also ~
- だけど だけど — but, however (casual)
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