がる / がっている (garu / gatteiru)
~がる / ~がっている — showing signs of a feeling (third person)
Pattern
-
い形容詞の語幹 + がる(がっている)Drop い from the adjective: ほしい → ほしがる, 怖い → 怖がる, 暑い → 暑がる -
な形容詞の語幹 + がる(がっている)Use the stem as it is: いや → いやがる, 不思議 → 不思議がる
Where it comes from
Feeling adjectives such as ほしい and 怖い describe a feeling that only the speaker can really know. To talk about someone else's feeling, add がる to the stem to make a verb. ~がっている shows that the person is in that state now.
When to use it
You can say 私はほしい (I want it), but for a third person you normally say 彼はほしがっている (he wants it), not 彼はほしい. It describes what you can see from the outside, so it carries a feeling close to “he seems to ~.”
Things to watch
The thing wanted or feared usually takes を instead of が once the word becomes ~がる (おもちゃをほしがる, 犬を怖がる). Do not use it for your own feelings.
Examples
-
子(こ)どもが新(あたら)しいおもちゃをほしがっています。
Kodomo ga atarashii omocha o hoshigatte imasu.
The child wants the new toy.
ほしい → ほしがる. The object takes を.
-
妹(いもうと)は大(おお)きな犬(いぬ)を怖(こわ)がっている。
Imōto wa ōkina inu o kowagatte iru.
My little sister is afraid of the big dog.
怖い → 怖がる: drop い, add がる.
-
みんなが暑(あつ)がっているので、窓(まど)を開(あ)けた。
Minna ga atsugatte iru node, mado o aketa.
Everyone seemed hot, so I opened the window.
Common mistakes
- Do not use it for yourself. Say 私はほしい, not 私はほしがっている.
- ~がっている describes outward behavior, so it does not fit the speaker's own emotions.
More grammar points
- 出(だ)す ~出す — “start ~ing suddenly”
- がり ~がり — a person who easily feels ~
- 始(はじ)める ~始める — begin to do ~
- にくい ~にくい — “hard to ~”
- 終(お)わる ~終わる — “finish ~ing”
- さ ~さ — turns an adjective into a noun (“-ness”)
- 続(つづ)ける ~続ける — keep on ~ing
- やすい ~やすい — easy to ~, tends to ~
- づらい ~づらい — hard to ~, awkward to ~
- 間(あいだ) 間 — “during ~ / while ~ / between ~”
- 間(あいだ)に ~間に — “while ~ (something happens during that time)”
- あまり~ない あまり~ない — “not very ~ / not much”
- 後(あと)で ~あとで — “after ~ / later”
- ば ~ば — the conditional “if ~”
- 場合(ばあい)は ~場合は — “in the case of ~ / if ~”
- ばかり ばかり — “nothing but ~ / only ~”
- だけで ~だけで — “just by ~ / with only ~”
- でございます ~でございます — the very polite “to be”
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