JLPT N4 · Verb forms
てくる (te kuru)
~てくる — “go and come back / become / start to ~”
In short · Attaching くる to the te-form has several meanings: (1) go somewhere and come back, (2) a change that has been happening up to now, (3) a state or action beginning.
Pattern
-
動詞て形+くるVerb te-form + くる (買ってくる) -
〜くなってくる~くなってくる (gradually becomes ~)
Three meanings
買ってくる (go and come back), 寒くなってくる (change), 雨が降ってくる (starts). The verb and context decide which.
Relation to ていく
てくる is change from the past toward now; ていく is change from now toward the future.
Examples
-
だんだん寒(さむ)くなってきました。
Dandan samuku natte kimashita.
It has gradually become cold.
-
スーパーで牛乳(ぎゅうにゅう)を買(か)ってきます。
Sūpā de gyūnyū o katte kimasu.
I'll go buy some milk at the supermarket and come back.
-
空(そら)が暗(くら)くなって、雨(あめ)が降(ふ)ってきた。
Sora ga kuraku natte, ame ga futte kita.
The sky got dark and it started to rain.
Common mistakes
- As an auxiliary, くる is normally written in kana.
- Change-てくる is up to now; for the future use ていく.
More grammar points
- 意向形(いこうけい) Volitional form (意向形) — “let's ~ / I will ~”
- ことができる ~ことができる — “can ~ / be able to ~”
- られる ~られる — potential form (can ~)
- させられる ~させられる — causative-passive (“be made to ~”)
- させる ~させる — causative (“make / let someone ~”)
- たがる ~たがる — a third person “wants to ~”
- てあげる ~てあげる — “do ~ for someone”
- てほしい ~てほしい — “I want you to ~”
- ていく ~ていく — “go on ~ing / from now on”
- ていた ~ていた — “was ~ing” (past continuous)
- てくれる ~てくれる — “someone does ~ for me”
- てみる ~てみる — “try ~ing”
- てもらう ~てもらう — “have / get someone to ~”
- ておく ~ておく — “do ~ in advance”
- てしまう / ちゃう ~てしまう / ~ちゃう — completion or regret
- てやる ~てやる — “do ~ for” (casual, to someone below)
- 受身形(うけみけい) Passive form (受身形) — be ~ed
- 間(あいだ) 間 — “during ~ / while ~ / between ~”
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