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JLPT N4 · Verb forms

受身形(うけみけい) (ukemi kei)

Passive form (受身形) — be ~ed

In short · The passive form shows that the subject receives an action from someone else: “be praised, be stepped on.” The person who acts is marked with に. It is also used when something happens to you and it bothers you.
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Pattern

  • A は B に + 受身形 A receives the action from B: 私は先生にほめられた
  • 活用:Ⅰ類 u→a+れる/Ⅱ類 る→られる/する→される/来る→来(こ)られる Group 1: 踏む → 踏まれる. Group 2: 食べる → 食べられる. する → される, 来る → 来られる

Making the passive

Group 1 verbs change the last u-sound to the a-sound and add れる (ほめる is Group 2: ほめられる; 歌う → 歌われる, 踏む → 踏まれる). Group 2 verbs drop る and add られる. The result conjugates like a Group 2 verb (ほめられました).

Two meanings

A direct passive simply states what was done to the subject: 先生にほめられた. A passive can also show that you were troubled when someone did something that affected you: 電車の中で足を踏まれた (my foot was stepped on). Things and events can also be subjects: この歌は世界中の人に歌われている.

Examples

  • 私(わたし)は先生(せんせい)にほめられました。

    Watashi wa sensei ni homeraremashita.

    I was praised by the teacher.

  • 電車(でんしゃ)の中(なか)で足(あし)を踏(ふ)まれました。

    Densha no naka de ashi o fumaremashita.

    My foot got stepped on inside the train.

  • この歌(うた)は世界中(せかいじゅう)の人(ひと)に歌(うた)われている。

    Kono uta wa sekaijū no hito ni utawarete iru.

    This song is sung by people all over the world.

Common mistakes

  • The doer is marked with に (sometimes から or によって), not が.
  • The passive and potential forms of Group 2 verbs look the same (食べられる). Read the meaning from context.

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